Advertising Is An Visible Constant Presence Essay

Even when we’re blissfully unaware, we are being persuaded. In today’s media driven world, advertising is an almost constant presence. It is on television, in the films we watch, all over our social media accounts, and even plastered on the walls of locations that we visit every day. Advertising is meant to market a product or service to a consumer, utilizing mostly tactics of persuasion to do so. Because advertising is so continually present, companies must be more innovative than ever with their persuasive methods. Depending on the product or service, these methods vary but some of the popular ones include appealing to the internal attitudes of the consumer by using strategic and repetitive methods for the delivery of the message to appeal to the target audience. Virtually all industries do this, though a unique example of persuasion in advertising is found in the medical and health industries; the United States is one of the few countries that allows direct-to-consum er advertising for pharmaceuticals. The healthcare industry has always had the ability to advertise but with the new medical advertising, its budget for marketing has exploded as well. The Food and Drug Administration, also commonly referred to as the FDA, previously banned direct-to-consumer advertising for drug companies, but the restriction was lifted in 1997 and a new age of medical advertising was born. Previously, various medications and health services were found directly through a visit to a doctor’sShow MoreRelatedPepsi Lipton and Brisk651 Words   |  3 Pageswith viral ads in the month following the Super Bowl ad? Why? Answer: Background: Mekanism (new digital media advertising agency hired by PLP) was tasked to work on re launch of Brisk Iced tea, a RTD (ready to drink) tea brand which was launched in mid-1990s by PLP (Pepsi Lipton Tea Partnership) and had its glory in 90s and later became stagnant. Brisk’s first major advertising campaign was launched in 1996, was a series of television and print ads featuring clay based animation versions ofRead MoreWhy Should A Realtor Or Any Property Seller Care About The Internet Of Foreign Languages?1651 Words   |  7 PagesHow to Promote Real Estate for Sale to Foreign Buyers: Your Own Foreign Website or Ads on Foreign Real Estate Portals? Why should a realtor or any property seller care about the internet presence in foreign languages? According to Wikipedia that cites various sources, English only occupies about half of the internet nowadays and what is even more important, the number of websites in other languages is growing rapidly. From the beginning of this century the use of English online increased by aroundRead MoreIntroduction Most websites that are created normally fail to generate any sales or leads because1300 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Most websites that are created normally fail to generate any sales or leads because they are not seen by consumers. Businesses need to find out how to make their online presence greater in order for their business website so succeed. Multi-Purpose search Engines There are so many search engines to choose from, and they all specialise in different things. The most popular search engine used worldwide is Google. It would beRead MoreMarketing Strategies For Young Girls1406 Words   |  6 Pagessuccessful in reaching young girls, despite the different marketing strategies utilized. In spite of its target demographic, both advertisements also attempt to appeal to the consumer’s mother. In the 2010 advertisement, the mother has a strong and visible presence alongside her daughter; the advertisement even speaks directly to the mother, and to the daughter, saying, â€Å"Ask your mom to visit AmericanGirl.com or the American Girl store† (Official American Girl). By speaking directly to the mother, the companyRead MoreThe Mission Of Cortland County Historical Society1712 Words   |  7 Pages Cortland County Historical Society proposes this marketing plan to seek funding to further our advertising objectives. This plan will serve as a guide line for our 2017 advertising and promotions. The mission of Cortland County Historical Society is: every community draws strength from an appreciation of its past. The Cortland County Historical Society serves a critical role in Cortland County through the collection, preservation and interpretation of artifacts and documents representative ofRead MoreMarketing Channels1482 Words   |  6 Pagesat any number of weekly advertisements and you will be able to see the same product advertised in numerous ways across numerous vendors. These various ways of advertising the same product across multiple vendors can also be referred to as a promotional mix. A promotional mix can be described as the blend of personal selling, advertising, direct marketing, sales promotion, and public relations a company uses to reach potential customers. (Excellence in Business; Bovà ©e, Thill, Mescon; p.  487) Read MoreA Marxist Understanding Of Society1719 Words   |  7 Pageswill be noted along with its relevance today. Contributing ideas from theorists that went beyond traditional Marxist thinking will also be recognised to engage the reader into a Neo Marxist way of thinking. Karl Marx’s position on crime and law is visible in three separate eras of writings, these are known as the Kantian critique of law, Feuerbachian and Historical Materialism, which was critical of his two-previous works (Cowling, 2011). The views Marx expressed in Kantian were those of a rationalistRead MorePan Europa s Main Issues1602 Words   |  7 Pagesorganisation is dependable. Organizations need to create brand identities which are visible in terms of products, logos, company uniforms. etc. In addition, practical actions such as corporate social responsibility need be taken into account. In Pan-Europa’s case, there has been no approach towards reaching their brand image outwards from their current market. This issue is very urgent to deal with because there is constant changing trends in consumer tastes and preferences. Fabienne Morin, one of theRead MoreCase Study : Apple Inc. Essay1575 Words   |  7 Pagesshow visible evidence of excellent financial health. In the second quarter of 2015, the earnings release states that they had set 2nd quarter records. Furthermore, all of the liquidity measurements such as working capital and current ratio support my analysis of good financial standings. Apple has a reputation for innovation – or always coming up with the next best thing. Every new version of a product (e.g. the iPhone) have new features that make it better than the last. With the constant growthRead MoreGender Stereotypes in Advertising and the Media1940 Words   |  8 Pages| Gender Stereotypes in Advertising and the Media | | | | | | According to Surviving for Thriving, a nonprofit organization that helps victims of rape and sexual assault, one out of every six American women has been the victim of an attempted or completed rape in their lifetimes. This means that a total of 17.7 million women have been victims of these crimes. While these numbers may or may not come as a shock to you, the real surprise is where they start (Surviving to Thriving, 2008)

The Corruption Of The Black Community - 901 Words

Good intentions from the government have caused many problems in the past few decades for the black community. The government has poured over one trillion dollars over numerous decades to relieve poverty and promote equality. At the end of it all it has been nothing but a complete failure for the black community. Government programs designed and implemented to help people have often locked black people into poverty. It all starts with the education that everyone receives. Primarily black public schools have been falling in quality for years now. Money is being spent less on the teachers and more on those that do not even step foot into the school. Furthermore black parents do not even get to have any control in the school system. Meanwhile private institutions are spending less money and they are also giving kids an exponentially better education. This proves how when businesses can operate for profit they will provide the best results for the customer. Government however has been not allowing black parents to have a choice to where they send their child. They went against giving parents tuition tax credits so parents could not choose the best place to send their child. After receiving their third rate education, school graduates run into the next obstacle when they try to join the work force. 70% of kids that look for jobs in the ghetto are unable to find one. This is because the minimum wage was raised heavily from the sixties to theShow MoreRelatedPolice Misconduct On The Street Still Continue Throughout The Community865 Words   |  4 Pagesenforcement has been involved in many of unethical events that caused the community to lose trust in them. There are many of reasons why it is difficult for the police to have interaction with the citizens of the community. One reason the community do not trust the police is because of racial profiling. Racial profiling has been going on for years and now the community is getting tired of it. An example of racial profiling is a group of black teenagers being pulled over because of the kind of car they areRead MoreAn Eyewitness Of Police Brutality Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pagesofficers and three Black officers who were involved in the death of Freddie Gray. Each individual was charged in the death of Mr. Gray. This case shows that the act of police brutality does not occur just by White officers, but all o fficers, no matter the color of their skin. We live in a world where we may think the Blacks are for Blacks and Whites are for Whites, and that is not the case most of the time. There are some Blacks who are for Whites and there are some Whites who are for Blacks. AfterRead MoreInvestigating Factors That Affect The Police Of Policing Regarding Race And Corruption1738 Words   |  7 Pageschapter deals with a review of the literature on the topic of research to determine factors that affect the effectiveness of the police in policing regarding race and corruption. 2.2 The problem exists in contemporary society Many researches have raised concern over racism and police indulging in other criminal activities, especially corruption the United Kingdom, but contemporary research has been more specific when dealing with race matter, the scope has been so wide in that various scholars have foundRead MorePolice Brutality And The Civil Rights Movement1333 Words   |  6 Pagesthe South took the majority of these police brutalities. For example In the 60’s blacks were beaten with batons and cattle prods as they attempted to vote at a court house that was in Selma, Alabama. The subjects that received the beatings were not violent and also unarmed blacks that wanted to vote at a local court house. Attacks by police did not stop there, the police continued to attack unarmed and non-violent blacks as they attempted to march from Selma to Montgomery in the state of Alabama. TheRead MoreIs Corruption A Rampant Issue? Essay1454 Words   |  6 Pagesand large societal figure head to take part in t he occasional corruption scandal. With convictions ranging from the FIFA organization to the United States president, it is hard to believe that the global community is still intact. Though there are certain types of corruption accepted by a small number of countries, the overwhelming global majority agrees that corruption is a rampant issue which needs to be rectified. Acts of corruption only follow with negative consequences towards the whole of societyRead MoreCorruption Of The Nation, The Community, And The Individual1573 Words   |  7 PagesNovember 16, 2015 English 10-X Corruption of the Nation, the Community, and the Individual â€Å"Corruption is the enemy of development, and of good governance. It must be got rid of,† says Pratibha Patil, India’s 12th president. Corruption within society hinders its ability to properly function and affects mankind. While it is in effect, corruption will continue to tarnish society’s mores. In Hamlet, Shakespeare uses the motifs of disease and decay to exhibit that moral corruption destroys society. When aRead MoreRap Music And Hip Hop1560 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Gangsta rap† has been around since the late 1980s, and has been categorized as a specific type of hip hop. Reflecting the violent lifestyles of many black American youths living within the inner cities of the West and East coast, gangsta rap became a voice. The genre reflected on and spoke about the harsh realities of what life for a black person during the 1980s. One of the most prominent rap names during this era that became the voice for many people throughout the nation was the N.W.A (NiggazRead MoreThe Democracy Of The United States Government1246 Words   |  5 Pagesof voting is available, why is the voter turnout so low? Many other countries have a much larger vote turnout than the United States. The reason for this varies; some major points would be the Demographics, voting laws, and political favoritism/corruption that affect the voter turnout. When the people vote for a public figure they expect them to succumb to the will of the people, and not big business . This led to a lack of trust on the United States government. The United States by far is oneRead MoreRacial Discrimination And The Criminal Justice System1725 Words   |  7 Pagesleading enablers take it as undisputable that the African American community has the highest number of incarceration rates result within the criminal justice system. According to many evidence and statistics is can be stated that at a presidential primary debate Barack Obama made a statement that blacks and whites are arrested and charged within a different rate the black community arrest rate is higher than the white community in the courts and in the correctional facility system. Where the courtsRead MoreA Brief Note On Police Double Standard And The Media1081 Words   |  5 Pagespolice are in a position to protect and serve the community. The community should feel nothing but security and trust towards a police officer right? I am also aware that the media can also mislead and also contribute to the community feeling negative towards the cops. Very rarely d o you see a cop doing an act of kindness, and that footage blowing up in the media. I am writing about double standard, depending in the cops of course, will single out blacks and Hispanics, according to numerous media footage

American History

Question: Explain American History. Answer: Running into the cultural history in the 1960s Psychedelics are well known today because they made a massive difference in the cultural society. This was a period which has seen a major change in their culture, music and clothing. The new President has forced a program through the Television to get the culture physically fit. It was the First Lady who set the fashion trend on TV and the older styles have slowly faded away. Shopping was not far away and people started using appliances of the latest trend including the Microwave. The arts have also seen major change where the older traditions were replaced with birth of rock and roll. Modern art has also paved its way in this period with its latest symbols like the soup cans and soft drink cans. There was a lot of way for everything recreational and entertaining to make their way through the culture which was quickly adapted by the Americans during the 1960s. The term Psychedelic mostly tunes in by treating it as Psychedelic in where this translates into that this type of culture has started to set in. There were Politicians who have promoted the use of drugs and change in their fashion and hair styles during their school days. Psychedelic mostly relates to indulgence, displaying non silent behavior, recreational and entertainment oriented indulgence. This gives an idea that the People are on constant look out for alternatives to stay in consciousness especially when they know they want to overcome their traditional ways of living.

Without the Arts, We Have No Culture Essay Example For Students

Without the Arts, We Have No Culture Essay Through t, we express feelings and ideas, pose questions, articulate meaning. Culture is a set of values, traditions, institutions that are shared by a group of people, it is an expression Of ideas, While history is the explanation Of change over time, and it is an expression of ideas too. Furthermore, identity is a kind of expression of who we are. Thus agree that without arts, we would not have culture, history and identity. Arts are expressions, and culture, history and identity are products expressions. A constant characteristic of history is that it is told in fact and actuality. However, the re-telling of concrete events must be perfectly crafted to provide meaning and efficiently relay experiences. There are many historical art works exist in this world, and they tell more historical stories and give clues of what had happened during the past period. One example can be the Terracotta Army, a form of funerary art buried with the emperor in 210?209 BC and whose purpose was to protect the emperor in his afterlife, and to make sure that he had people to rule over. We will write a custom essay on Without the Arts, We Have No Culture specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now If there was any art sense during that period, we would tot be able to know how the armies were last time of Chinas first emperor. A picture can speak a thousand words, with such long period of human history; art can always speak more than words. Thus, without arts, we would have no history Every country and religion has its own culture, and will keep passing on its traditions to the next generation. For many countries and religions, the traditions are being showed through some form of arts. There are many types Of dance forms in India, and many are deeply religious in content, some of dance arms that originated and evolved in India like Fraternity, Kathy, Astrakhan, Occupied, Maniple, Inanimate and Odious are world famous. Nap,pay, India has been successfully spread her culture through dance, a form Of arts Which shows expression. Culture is originate from its home country through any expression of arts, and through arts, the culture can be well-known in this world. Art is a mirror image of identity of individual or society. It reflect who we are, where we from, what we feel, think, believe, practice and behave. The paintings ND sculptures of Drachma of Romania and David of Israel clearly give indication of the personality of one. Human has expressions, and arts create more expressions for us. Arts give our identity a significance, and present to the society or if not, the whole world. Thus, agree with that, without arts, there will be no identity. Everything in the world has its own special expressions, and arts is the one Which able to mix up all expression. Arts enable our history, culture and identity to be filled and shined. Can you imagine the world without arts?

A Career in Physical Therapy

A Career in Physical Therapy Free Online Research Papers Five years ago, when I made the decision to go back to college, it was with the goal of achieving my Masters in Physical Therapy. At the time a Masters degree was all that was required, though it was known that the requirement was shifting toward a Doctorate. Now, several universities offer a combined 3.5 year Masters/Doctorate program for Physical Therapy, including Northern Arizona University in Flagstaff. Any Bachelor degree qualifies for entry into the program with the proper grade point average, but I have chosen Life Science to include the anatomy and biology courses I expect to be required. Even though striving for a Doctorate part time is a long process, I expect the job market for Physical Therapy to be wide open. A large population is constantly getting older, getting injured, and or doing more ‘extreme’ pastimes. However, as the career is not a physically demanding one on the part of the therapist, I believe one could practice for 30 to 50 years if mental acuity allows. As such, when I do get my degree, I will be starting out in competition against professionals who have held their position for 10 years or more. While the career is not overly physically demanding, mental and emotional stress are incredibly prevalent. As with any medical profession, continuing education will be non-stop, and often expensive. Emotionally, I will need to be able to motivate and support individuals constantly on the verge of giving up. My job will not just be to direct exercises, but to convince my patients they should and can. There is a saying around therapy offices,†No one does their exercises, everyone lies about it.† I expect there will be days I will want to give up on my patients, just as they have given up on themselves. The goal of my research is not just to discover the answers I don’t know, but also to confirm the information that I think I do know. To discover want I need to know, I will use the swiftly expanding repository of all American knowledge, the internet. I have reviewed legitimate sites to be able to gather information about my chosen profession; For example, reviewing websites from Physical Therapy practices. I also reviewed college sites that are offering Physical Therapy degrees and took a look at the educational requirements. Any type of medical or regulatory board for national Physical Therapy requirements and licensing has been reviewed, along with their ethical code. I have reviewed the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) to best identify current national trends in the field. I have also identified what corporations offer physical therapy to the public, and have reviewed what they are looking for in their corporate physical therapist employees. I believe this strategy will best inform me of how to pursue, how to achieve, and where to go with my Physical Therapist Doctorate to achieve my corporate career. According to the Physical Therapist Licensing Requirements, only degrees from â€Å"CAPTE accredited schools† are recognized as legitimate for educational requirements (Licensing). Luckily, with the nationwide regulation of the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA), any university that offers a PT Doctorate program is evaluated by CAPTE. Qualifying for entry into a PT program requires a baccalaureate degree, with â€Å"no preference given to any particular baccalaureate degree† (DeRos); as long as in my studies I manage to cover the specified sciences to the specified levels. Both NAU and Mayo College of Medicine have programs listed at 33 months, though at 20 hours fall and spring. The program specifically prepares you to take the national licensure examination (Hollman). The cost of these programs are staggering; with the lowest starting at $10,000, ranging all the way up to $78,678 just for tuition, never mind lab, book, or living cost. The average one can expect to pay just for the Doctorate portion of their schooling is $25,000 to $30,000. One specific career path I looked into was the Navy. Though the pay for Naval Officers is at the low end of average for physical therapists, full medical, dental, housing allowance, and the respect due an officer is standard. Aside from the usual benefits associated with military service, the navy also offers advancement â€Å"through experience, training and continuing education† (Navy). This means that even if I decide to leave the military after my mandatory 3 years, I will be able to present an extensive rà ©sumà © to any civilian corporation. However, the limited number of the highly sought after positions in the Navel Medical Program makes the high competition for the position discouraging. Still, a full ride at US Army-Baylor University where I am actually paid â€Å"$43,000 annually† (Navy) to attend is well worth the striving when compared to the costs of other institutions. Though presently only a Masters degree is required to qualify as a practicing physical therapist (Bureau), it is the stated vision of the American Physical Therapy Association that â€Å"by 2020, physical therapy will be provided by (those) who are doctors of physical therapy† (apta.org). So even current licensed practitioners will be required to achieve their doctorate by 2020, or lose their license. While it is stated that all licensed physical therapists are responsible for continuing education and participation in ongoing research, no minimum hours of education or research are noted; rather, continued education will be proven through periodic reevaluation by CAPTE as a requirement to maintain licensure (apta.org). With an ever increasing elderly population, the popularity of ‘extreme’ sports and pastimes, and the general increase in awareness of health and liability the continued demand for physical therapists in the future is ensured. In fact, demand is expected to grow as much as 27% over the next 10 years, much higher than average (Bureau). Part of this growth will be spurred by advances in other medical areas; as trauma and accident survival increases, so too will the needs for recovery specialists (Bureau). The numbers seeking employment are expected to keep pace with the demand for practitioners, with the highest demand in the densely populated eastern states. The average annual salary for physical therapists as of May 2007 was $71,520 (Bureau). One aspect that surprised me was the variety of specialty certifications available in the Physical Therapy profession. However, when searching on corporate sites such as Spooner, they have listed such specialty certificates as hand, orthopedic, sportsmetrics, and geriatrics specialties (Spooner). Such certifications are offered as continuing education from specialty clinics such as Therapeutic Associates (TAI). Such clinics are expensive, $700.00 for a weekend session, and often required travel, as the Sportsmetric clinic is only available in Oregon (TAI). Such classes should â€Å"not be taken by individuals who are not licensed† and are not subsidized by the employer (TAI). Still, these certificates are necessary to be competitive in the job market, as corporations hire based solely on the strength of the resume, without listing desires or requirements (Spooner) There is no real advancement or career path as a physical therapist. You can head up a clinic, but at that point you are more an administrator then a practitioner. You can teach clinics or classes, but then you are more an educator. Rather, the level of a physical therapist is determined by education, certification, and experience. Salaries are weighted according to these three criteria, the heaviest weight given to experience. A beginning practitioner may expect to earn only $51,000.00 annually, far less than the â€Å"$75,000 for physical therapists with more than 15 years of experience† (DeRos). There are several points to pursuing a career as a physical therapist that I find discouraging; the major one being time. 20 credit hours a semester is a tough load for a fulltime student, impossible for one that also has to work full time to help support a family. I am already 30, earning my bachelorette and doctorate at half time will likely take me 9 years to complete. I do worry about entering a new career at a perceivably advanced age. Of course the cost is enough to give anyone pause. I will likely have to take out large student loans to afford my classes, and then hope I am able to pass so that I will be able to pay them off. Finally, the difficulty of the classes themselves worries me. I have never attempted anything as advanced as these classes, and the prospect is a bit intimidating. If I do manage to pass, however, my future seems both bright and secure. I will make a comfortable living, be able to support my family, and practice in a field I love. Research for this project seemed fairly straight forward. I would gather a list of 20 or more reputable sites, based on who maintained the site, and pick out the ten or so best ones based on the information they contained. I started with the Bureau of Labor Statistics and expected to be led to several sources from there. I was led to the American Physical Therapy Association, which was the central repository for all things Physical Therapy in the United States that I was hoping to find. From there, I found the Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education and every university website I might need, but came to a dead end as far as actual career information. The BLS had all the statistics, APTA had all the direct information and everything was just that centralized. Any site I went to for more information only had a general description and a link to APTA. Even the business and corporate sites I went to recommended APTA for more information. Corporations like Spoone r Physical Therapy and Therapeutic Associates I found because I am specifically looking to work for a corporation rather than be independent, and the Navy I only knew to look into because I am already doing so. As I reviewed the sites, if a regulatory commission was mentioned, I looked to see if they had a site. This did lead me to a couple more places for specific information, but was not quite the web-ring I expected to find. Still, I did find all the information I was looking for, and am confident I now can find anything I might need to know in the future. I would have liked to interview a practicing physical therapist. I really feel that many of the experience aspects of the career can only be express from a person. I also wish the human resources departments of Spooner and TA would have contacted me back. Overall, I have a yellow light for the pursuit of the degree; proceed, but with caution; and for the career, a green light all the way. References Licensing Requirements By State. Retrieved February 21, 2009 from www.visalaw.com/IMG/charts.html DeRos, Carl. Admission Requirements for NAU Physical Therapy. Retrieved February 28, 2009 from http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~pt-p/programs/dpt/prereqs.php Hollman, John. Physical Therapy Doctoral Program for Mayo College of Medicine.(2009) Retrieved February 28, 2009 from mayo.edu/mshs/pt-career.html Health Care Careers for U.S. Navy. Retrieved February 28, 2009 from navy.com/careers/healthcare/medicalservicecorps/clinicalcareproviders/physicaltherapy/ Bureau of Labor Statistics: Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2008-09 Edition. Retrieved February 21, 2009 from bls.gov/oco/ocos080.htm Spooner Career Center (2008) Retrieved February 21, 2009 from http://spoonerphysicaltherapy.com/careers.html Continuing Education for Therapeutic Associates. Retrieved February 21, 2009 from therapeuticassociates.com/Education/ Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education: CAPTE Accreditation (2007) Retrieved February 21, 2009 from https://capteportal.capteonline.org/Pages/Login.aspx Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy Retrieved February 21, 2009 from fsbpt.org/ Research Papers on A Career in Physical TherapyThree Concepts of PsychodynamicOpen Architechture a white paperInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesQuebec and CanadaResearch Process Part OneStandardized TestingGenetic EngineeringThe Project Managment Office SystemThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseTwilight of the UAW

Learn How Separation of Powers Balances the Government

Learn How Separation of Powers Balances the Government The term separation of powers originated with the Baron de Montesquieu, a writer from the 18th-century French enlightenment. However, the actual separation of powers amongst different branches of government can be traced to ancient Greece. The framers of the United States Constitution decided to base the American governmental system on this idea of three separate branches: executive, judicial, and legislative. The three branches are distinct and have checks and balances on each other. In this way, no one branch can gain absolute power or abuse the power they are given. In the United States, the executive branch is headed by the President and includes the bureaucracy. The legislative branch includes both houses of Congress: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court and the lower federal courts. The Fears of the Framers One of the framers of the U.S. Constitution, Alexander Hamilton was the first American to write of the balances and checks that can be said to characterize the American system of separation of powers. It was James Madisons scheme that differentiated between the executive and legislative branches. By having the legislature divided into two chambers, Madison argued that they would harness political competition into a system that would organize, check, balance, and diffuse power. The framers endowed each branch with distinct dispositional, political, and institutional characteristics, and made them each answerable to different constituencies. The biggest fear of the framers was that the government would be overwhelmed by an imperious, domineering national legislature. The separation of the powers, thought the framers, was a system that would be a machine that would go of itself, and keep that from happening. Challenges to the Separation of Powers Oddly, the framers were wrong from the outset: the separation of powers has not led to a smoothly working government of the branches that compete with one another for power, but rather political alliances across the branches are confined to party lines that hinder the machine from running. Madison saw the president, courts, and Senate as bodies who would work together and fend off power grabs from the other branches. Instead, the division of the citizens, the courts, and the legislative bodies into political parties have pushed those parties in the U.S. government into a perpetual struggle to aggrandize their own power in all three branches. One great challenge to the separation of powers was under Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who as part of the New Deal created administrative agencies to lead his various plans for recovery from the Great Depression. Under Roosevelts own control, the agencies wrote rules and effectively created their own court cases. That enabled the agency heads to select optimal enforcement to establish agency policy, and since they were created by the executive branch, that in turn greatly enhanced the power of the presidency. The checks and balances can be preserved, if people pay attention, by the rise and maintenance of a politically insulated civil service, and constraints by Congress and the Supreme Court on agency leaders. Sources Levinson DJ, and Pildes RH. 2006. Separation of Parties, Not Powers. Harvard Law Review 119(8):2311-2386.Michaels JD. 2015. An Enduring, Evolving Separation of Powers. Columbia Law Review 115(3):515-597.Nourse V. 1999. The Vertical Separation of Powers. Duke Law Journal 49(3):749-802.

Wiccan Religion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wiccan Religion - Research Paper Example Some of the Basic Tenets/Principles of the Wiccan Religion Are;1. The Wiccan holidays are based on the phases of the moon and earth’s rotation. Apart from the monthly esbats, there are eight primary sabbats in the Wiccan religion.2. The environment should be taken care of and honored. As such, it is the Wiccan follower’s personal responsibility to conserve the environment and promote ecological balance since the environment is divine.3. The divine power in the Wiccan religion contains both the male and female aspects. Hence, both genders are held to be equal. Therefore, the Wiccans honor or worship both the male god and the female goddess.  4. The Wiccan religion has no central authority figure. They believe that all people/ members are sacred and can communicate with the gods. In other religions, only the priests or pastors are honored to communicate with the gods.5. Each and every person must take responsibility for his/her actions. Hence, they should readily accept the outcomes of their actions.Beliefs Concerning Life and DeathAccording to the Wicca religion, material life begins in the womb. Next, they believe that in life, they should strive to live peacefully by not intentionally causing any harm to others. What a person does in his/her life will be repaid thrice in the afterlife. This implies that they believe in karma. The Wicca religion believes that there is an afterlife after death. When a person dies, he /she transitions into a different life where he/she will be reincarnated back in different forms.

Genetically modified organisms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Genetically modified organisms - Essay Example Closely related to GMOs are transgenic organisms, a subset of GEOs comprising of organisms to which DNA originating from a different has been inserted. Historical Background to GMOs Production of a GMO generally involves addition of new genetic material to the genome of an organism. This process is known as genetic engineering. Two major discoveries have contributed to the development of genetic engineering; coming up with the first recombinant bacterium in the year 1973, as well as the discovery of the DNA. This first recombinant bacterium was made from an existing bacterium E. coli was had an exogenesis Salmonella gene. The emergence of genetic engineering aroused a lot of concerns about its potential risks. These risks were first discussed in details in the Conference held in 1975. The meeting’s main recommendation was that the government establishes a body to oversee the research in this field till the safety of this technology was assured. The first company to employ the technology of recombinant DNA was founded by Herbert Boyer. The company which was named Genentech was able to create an E. coli strains that could produce the human protein insulin by 1978. A field test was carried out in 1986, which involved using genetically engineered bacteria called ice-minus bacteria to offer protection to plants from damage by frost. This was done in a small company of biotechnology by the name Advanced Genetic Sciences of Oakland, situated at California. Monsanto Company also proposed a field test of a genetically engineered microbe for a pest resistant protein but the proposal was dropped. Organizations such as WHO and FAO issued a guidance on how to asses the safety of genetically food and plants between the late 1980s and the early 1990s. The experimental planting of genetically modified plants began in Canada and United States towards the end of 1980s. It was not until the mid 1990s that the first commercial large scales cultivation of genetically enginee red plants was approved. There has been an annual increase in adoption of the engineered plants by the farmers ever since. Production Process As stated earlier, the production of a GMO generally lies on the principle of adding a new genetic material into the genome of an organism. Insertion or deletion of genes is referred to as genetic modification. The genes that are inserted mostly comes an organism of from a different species and this is a case of horizontal gene transfer. The gene transfer may occur in nature if for any given reason an exogenous DNA passes through the cell membrane. To artificially do this, one may either attach the genes to a virus or insert the extra DNA physically into the intended host’s nuclear by the use of a tiny syringe, or using very tiny particles which are fired from a device called gene gun. The natural methods of gene transfer such as the capacity of the Agro bacterium to transmit genetic material to the nuclei of plants cells or the capacit y of lent viruses to relocate genes to the nuclei of animal cells animal cells are may also be used.[3] Environmental Issues and Ethical Some environment and ethical concerns have been raised with regards to GMOs. Some environmentalists have raised concerns that could lead to some detrimental and adverse effects on

What is Nutrition Essay Example for Free

What is Nutrition Essay OBJECTIVES: 1. Identify and discuss factors that affect food choices. (Course objective 1) 2. Define: nutrition, nutrients, essential nutrients, non essential nutrients, kilocalorie 3. Identify the six classes of nutrients utilized by humans and describe their basic functions in the body. (Course Objective 4) 4. Describe the steps of the scientific method. 5. Describe the following components of research studies: experimental group, control group, placebo, double-blind placebo-controlled study 6. Discuss the types of research studies and methods used to acquire valid nutrition information. (Course objective 2) 7. Differentiate between reputable and non-reputable sources of nutrition information. 8. Differentiate between the various methods used to assess the nutrient status of individuals and population groups. Discuss the pros and cons TEACH YOURSELF THE BASICS: What Drives Our Food Choices? 1. Identify at least five factors that influence our food choices. Taste,enjoyment, culture, environment, social reasons, and popular trends. 2. Discuss examples of at least three of the factors identified in question 1. Taste is considered the number one factor when it comes to choosing foods. Foods that are salty and sweet are among the top choices. Culture plays an important role in choosing food. Foods that are easily available to a group of the population are more likely to be eaten over foods that are rare to the location. Someone from China may have different choices than someone from Italy. Social trends also have a role to play in choosing food. What family and friends eat and foods considered popular may be chosen over other foods, despite health concerns. **Make sure to read â€Å"The Take-Home Message† for this section (Pg. 7) What is Nutrition? 1. Explain how the focus of the study of nutrition has changed over time. Nutrition began a few hundred years ago as a science relating nutrients to diseases and its affects, but today is used as a way to promote good health and long life by healthy eating. ​** Make sure to read â€Å"The Take-Home Message† for this section (Pg. 9) What are Nutrients? 1. List the six categories of nutrients found in foods and in the body. Carbohydrates, Lipids (fats), Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals, and Water 2. Which nutrients provide energy? Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Alcohol also provides energy but is not considered a nutrient. 3. When we use the term â€Å"calorie† to describe the energy content of food, are we actually referring to the word â€Å"calorie† or are we referring to the word â€Å"kilocalorie†? Explain. Kilocalorie, not calorie, is the correct term when referring to the energy content of food. Calorie is a much smaller unit of measurement. 4. How many kilocalories are provided in a gram of carbohydrate? Protein? Fats? Carbohydrates and Proteins have 4 kilocalories and Lipids or fats have 9 kilocalories. **Make sure to read â€Å"The Take-Home Message† for this section (Pg. 13) What Are the Primary Roles of the Individual Nutrients? 1. For each of the 6 classes of nutrients, briefly describe their primary role in the body. Use the table below to guide you. Macronutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, fats and water. Carbohydrates are the body’s Mai’s source of energy. Proteins provide the building blocks, or amino acids, for tissue in the body. Fats are also a source of energy but in a more concentrated form. Water makes up a majority of the fluids in the body, as well as its tissues. Micronutrients include vitamins and minerals. Vitamins help regulate metabolism and use other nutrients, while minerals assist in body processes. 2. List some food sources for carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Carbohydrates include bread, cereals and nuts. Lipids include butter and oils. Proteins include meat and dairy. 3. Classify the vitamins according to whether they are water soluble or fat soluble. Water soluble vitamins include vitamin C and the 8 B-complex vitamins. Fat soluble vitamins include A, D, E, and vitamin K. 4. Give examples of major minerals and trace minerals. Major minerals include calcium and magnesium, while Trace minerals include iron and zinc. **Make sure to read â€Å"The Take-Home Message† for this section (Pg. 16) What is Credible Nutrition Research? 1. What are some questions you can ask yourself to evaluate the credibility of published nutrition information (in print or on the internet)? Was the research findings published in a peer-reviewed journal? Was the study done on animals or humans? Is this the first time I have heard this? Do the study participants resemble me? 2. Describe the steps of the scientific method. Scientists observe the natural world, ask questions, and put forth or submit an explanation, called a hypothesis, bases on what they observed. Next they test this hypothesis to determine if it is correct or not. After testing or conducting an experiment, it can be determined if the hypothesis is supported or not by the findings. If supported, the findings can be published. If not supported, the scientist then must revise or redo the hypothesis. 3. Why is a double-blind placebo-controlled study considered the â€Å"gold standard† of research? This study is the gold standard because all variables are the same and controlled for the groups with no bias toward any group or researcher. 4. How does sample size affect the credibility of research results? The sample sizes must be large enough so that any differences in the study are related to treatment and not just chance. **Make sure to read â€Å"The Take-Home Message† for this section (Pg. 21) What Is Nutrition Assessment and What Does It Involve? 1. Briefly describe the different methods for assessing the nutrition status of individuals. Which one is the â€Å"best† method? Explain your reasoning. Anthropometric data is used to determine body size or composition. Data gathered is compared to reference standards, which can help determine risk factors for developing disease. Biochemical tests assess nutrient levels in body fluids, how fast nutrients are excreted through urine, and metabolic by products of nutrients found in urine. Clinical tests inspect the body for over or under nutrition by inspecting hair, nails and lips. Dietary intake can be measured by interviews and questionnaires to reveal lifestyle habits. The most important of the four would be anthropometric due to its ability to evaluate for disease such as diabetes. **Make sure to read â€Å"The Take-Home Message† for this section (Pg. 27) How Do We Assess the Nutritional Status of a Population Group? 1. How are nutritional assessment methods for a population group different than those which would be used for an individual? For a large population national surveys are used to determine nutritional status. How Does the American Diet Stack Up? 1. Summarize how the American diet compares to dietary recommendations. Americans eat too much protein, sugar, sodium, saturated fat and not enough fiber, some vitamins and minerals. **Make sure to read â€Å"The Take-Home Message† for this section (Pg. 30) What’s the Best Dietary Strategy for Health? 1. Is the following statement true or false: A variety of whole foods will meet everyone’s nutritional needs and there should be no need for nutritional supplements. Explain your ​answer. False. Some individuals have diet restrictions or higher nutrient needs such as a pregnant woman or someone who is lactose intolerant. **Make sure to read â€Å"The Take-Home Message† for this section (Pg. 31) VOCABULARY: Nutrition: The science that studies how nutrients and compounds in foods nourish the body and affect body functions and overall health. Nutrients: Compounds in foods that sustain body processes. There are six classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water Essential Nutrients: Nutrients that must be consumed from foods because they cannot be made in the body in sufficient quantities to meet its needs and support health. Nonessential Nutrients: Nutrients that can be made in sufficient quantities in the body to meet the body’s requirements and support health. Energy Yielding Nutrients: The three nutrients that provide energy to the body to fuel physiological functions: carbohydrates, lipids, and protein. Kilocalorie: The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water 1 degree centigrade; used to express the measurement of energy in foods; 1 kilocalorie is equal to 1000 calories. Macronutrients: Organic nutrients, including the energy-containing carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and water that the body needs in large amounts. Micronutrient: Essential nutrients the body needs in smaller amounts: vitamins and minerals. Water Soluble Vitamins: Vitamins that dissolve in water: Generally cannot be stored in the body and must be consumed. Fat Soluble Vitamins: Vitamins that dissolve in fat and can be stored in the body. Major Minerals: Minerals needed by the body in amounts greater than 5 grams; Aka Macro minerals. Trace Minerals: Minerals needed by the body in amounts less than 5 grams; Aka Micro minerals. Peer Reviewed Journal: A journal in which scientists publish research findings, after the findings have gone through a rigorous review process by other scientists. Observational Research: Research that involves systematically observing subjects to see if there is a relationship to certain outcomes. Experimental Group: In experimental research, the group of participants are given a specific treatment, such as a drug, as part of the study. Control Group: in experimental research, the group that does not receive the treatment but may be given a placebo instead; used as a standard for comparison. Placebo: An inactive substance, such as a sugar pill, administered to a control group during an experiment. Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study: An experimental study in which neither the researchers nor the subjects in the study are aware who is receiving the treatment or the placebo. Nutritional Genomics: A field of study of the relationship between genes, gene expression, and nutrition. Registered Dietician: A health professional who is a food and nutrition expert; RDs obtain a college degree in nutrition from an American Dietetic Association (ADA) accredited program, and pass an exam to become a Registered Dietician. Malnourished: A condition that results when the body does not receive the right amount of essential nutrients to maintain health; over nourished and undernourished are forms of malnutrition. Malabsorption: A problem associated with the lack of absorption of nutrients through the intestinal tract. Medical Nutrition Therapy: The integration of nutrition counseling and dietary changes based on individual medical and health needs, to treat a patient’s medical condition. Quackery: The promotion and selling of health products and services of questionable validity. Body Mass Index (BMI): A measurement calculated as height divided by weight squared; used to determine whether an individual is underweight, at a healthy weight, or overweight. Overweight: For adults, having a BMI greater than 25. Obesity: For adults, having a BMI greater than 30. ​Here are a few examples of reliable nutrition and health websites. †¢ American Dietetic Association: www.eatright.org †¢ Centers for Disease Control: www.cdc.gov †¢ Food and Drug Administration: www.fda.gov †¢ National Institutes of Health: www.nih.gov †¢ U.S. Department of Agriculture: www.nutrition.gov †¢ American Cancer Society: www.cancer.org For additional resources, animations, and news stories over topics from this chapter, click on â€Å"Chapter Contents† on your Blackboard page, then click on â€Å"Chapter 1.†

The Macbeth Witches Essays -- English Literature Essays

The Macbeth Witches In the first scene in act one we can see that the witches have some kind of psychic ability from when they predict that Macbeth will win the battle. The witches appear to be having some sport of shared vision. We can tell this from the second quotation- â€Å"When the hurlyburly’s done. When the battle’s lost and won.† The witches clearly know that King Duncan’s side will win the battle. They also know when they will meet with Macbeth- â€Å"There to meet with Macbeth.† This addresses the theme of witchcraft and is Shakespeare’s way of letting the audience know that the witches have powers. The scene is set in the dark on the heath- a very open place, and the thunder and lightning in the background ‘top it off’ as such. These key elements are Shakespeare’s way of conveying evil. In Elizabethan times this worked well on the audience who were convinced (perhaps unlike a modern audience) that these three women were witches from the very first line. Just before the end of the scene we see that the witches have familiars when the first and third witches call on them. This is also a key element in convincing the audience that the women are witches. The fact that they have familiars makes them seem evil and though perhaps a clichà © now would have been very real for an Elizabethan audience. At the very end of the scene the witches do a sort of chant. â€Å"Fair is foul and foul is fair: Hover through the fog and filthy air.† This implies some sort of evil spell and l...

A Response to Macbeth and the Rituals of Tragedy

In both Macbeth and Romeo ND Juliet, the demise of the namesake protagonists is prelude in the early parts of the play. In Romeo and Juliet, the audience Is made aware that the two will die by the chorus In the prologue – the relationship Is called a â€Å"death-marked love† – 1 and this Is done similarly In Macbeth with an apparently saying he would be conquered under certain circumstances – the apparition states, â€Å"Macbeth shall never vanquished be until Great Birdman Wood to high Adenosine Hill Shall come against him†. The tragic genre complicates the ritual of death by laying out a perceived path of success for he protagonists – e. G. Romeo and Juliet to get married, and Macbeth to remain king – which finally leads to their death and therefore provides a prelude to death. The tragedy genre also complicates the space of death due to the nature of the plays – the nature of the plays are so to entertain and this is done thr ough tools such as irony and paradoxes that complicate the space of death, amongst other things.The spaces in which the protagonists die have significant relevance to their development as characters throughout the play. The key characteristic of a Shakespearian tragedy Is death. Coupled with the contrasting story line to the comedies – comedies have an ascending story line, usually ending in marriage, whilst tragedies have a descending story line, usually ending in death – it (death) is the key component that sets the two apart. The tragic genre complicates this ritual through the core fact of it being a genre of stage performance – which by definition, exists to entertain audiences.This paper adopts the view that similarly as Shakespearian comedies reach their crescendo through a marriage, that tragedies reach their crescendo through the death of the/a main hereafter(s). Therefore, just as comedies centre around two lovers trying their utmost to get married â⠂¬â€œ In a Midsummer Night's Dream Lessened and Hermit fled Athens in order to get married – tragedies centre around a protagonist (or protagonists) who try equally as hard to attain that which will never be theirs – Macbeth trying to remain king of Scotland and Romeo and Juliet to get married.Thus, this plot development utilized by Shakespeare must use death in as many ways as is conceivable in order Macbeth to die of a heart attack in the third act. With regards to death being such an integral part of tragedies, A. C. Bradley remarked, â€Å"It is remarkable that almost all the scenes which at once recur to memory take place either at night or in some dark spot†. 3 The complication of death in Macbeth is thus two-fold. Death is built up to be something dark throughout the play, a menacing enigma. However Machete's death brings hope and light, thus contrasting the darkness.This is evident after he is killed when Macadam exclaims, â€Å"Behold where stands the usurper's cursed head. The time is free†. 4 This implicates not only death but also the play as a whole. Previous deaths in the play, such as that of King Duncan and Banquet, were done for reasons of self-gain and self- preservation respectively on behalf of Macbeth. However Machete's death was done for the betterment of the kingdom of Scotland. This complicates the ritual of death in the context of the play by providing it with another dimension.As Bradley remarked, the play in general is dark and the deaths preceding Machete's were dark, by virtue of the already-mentioned reasons behind them. This creates a ritual – a series of actions or type of behavior regularly and invariably followed – 5 of death for the play and therefore the killing of Macbeth, which has been established as not being dark as it ushered out his tyrannical rule, complicates that ritual. This complication relates to the point raised in paragraph two, whereby it can be seen that the complica tion itself exists for the improvement of the play as a spectacle.For example, Macbeth might have been murdered by his wife so that she may gain power, instead of by Macadam to restore order. This complication of the ritual of death is also evident in Romeo and Juliet whereby he deaths prior to Romeo and Gullet's come as a result of the feud between the Montague and the Capsules. Romeo and Gullet's death does not come out of that feud but out of love for each other. This was similarly the case in Macbeth, as his death came not out of self-gain or self-preservation, but out of necessity for the kingdom of Scotland.Their death (Romeo and Juliet) ultimately stops the rivalry between the two families, as Machete's death stopped the war and his rule. In both instances, we see the final death in a contrasting light to preceding deaths, with an equally contrasting effect. Naturally, the role of Shakespeare as the author is significant as the protagonists themselves shaped their deaths in b oth Romeo and Juliet and Macbeth. Not only did they create the figurative space which allowed for them to die, but also the literal space where they died was of their own creation.Shakespearean role in this could be more direct than it initially appears. It draws substantially from the context of the period and place, when and where his plays were originally performed. Romeo and Juliet was first stages at the Theatre', which was in an area described as being, â€Å"less object to London Jurisdictions†, 6 and this therefore allowed for Shakespearean creativity to blossom – Shakespeare later moved to the Globe, in an area described as a â€Å"fairly lawless environment†. Shakespeare staging his plays away from the gaze of effort and this has been translated into the tragic genre. In Macbeth, Macbeth seems to go increasingly further out of his realm of what is acceptable and what is not and his actions appear Juxtaposed to his character – this is evident in his internal struggle to kill King Duncan, â€Å"We will proceed no further in this business/ He hath moored me of late†. 8 One could perceive this as Macbeth leaving the Jurisdiction of his former self into one that is more, for want of a better word, evil.One sees Macbeth becoming increasingly lawless and does things regardless of authority – the fact that he is king does not mean that he should not respect other forms authority. In this regard, Macbeth – as well as Romeo and Juliet, who do so more directly – creates his own space of death, contrasting to the deaths preceding his own e. G. King Duncan was murdered in his bed. Contrasting this, Macbeth actively creates the environment he finds himself in when he loses his life by virtue of wanting to remain king.This is also seen in Romeo and Juliet whereby the love of both main characters sees them willingly choose to meet in the Capsule tomb, which has significance as two youths from both families lost their lives prematurely in a place in existence in order to remember the dead – the death of Romeo and Juliet however, is something both families would rather forget (and this ultimately sees the feud come to an end). This complicates the space of death, for we are lead to believe n both plays that death does not have a set space. However in both plays, Macbeth and Romeo and Juliet set their space of death up on their own accord.These instances are when Macbeth, along with his wife, decides to kill King Duncan and when Romeo and Juliet decide to run away. In conclusion, it can be seen from the points raised that the ritual of death is complicated through Shakespearean insertion of the final, perhaps most important death at the end of his tragedies. This final death is contrasted to the deaths that precede it through factors such as motive, repercussions and space. The issue of space and its complication draws its roots from the actual staging of Shakespearean plays on the ou tskirts of London, where the law had less influence.Figurative comparisons can be drawn from this as one could relate Shakespearean willingness to be away from or above the law to the protagonists in the two plays. What is wholly evident though, is that similarly with death, the notion of space does not remain constant throughout the play. Macbeth, who can be considered the false king, being killed in the castle whereas King Duncan, the true and original king, being killed in he bed of another man raises the issue of space and how Macbeth created his own and King Duncan did not.

Coca Cola CSR

It has funded polio radiation and blood donation camps, along with providing a 24-hour emergency service for children. In some districts of Andorra Pradesh, Coca-Cola has conducted camps for Hepatitis-B vaccinations, eye checkups, and malaria eradication. In partnership with ‘Restrain Gratin Indri Visas' (a Kuwaiti-based MONGO), the company decided to establish â€Å"Argosy Health Clinic† in Brilliant, Megalith. In March, 2011, it was dedicated to the local community. Even though it is operational for only four days a week, all visiting patients are issued â€Å"Argosy Health Card† and free basic medicines.Drinking water projects In Maharajah's and Gujarat helped to provide clean potable water to the local communities. When It comes to environment care, Coca-Cola Is at the top of the game. Its packaging framework Is aimed at recycling. A PET recycling project in Iambi collected used glass bottles, cans, etc. The company has initiated rainwater harvesting schemes ( over 500 structures), watershed projects and reverse filter system. Over the last 4 years, the water efficiency of company plant operations has improved by 40%. It reduced its emission of greenhouse gases by three-fourths by using alternative cooling techniques for its reduces.Approximately 20% of energy used by Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Pet. Ltd. Comes from renewable energy mix and HICCUP plans to expand it to 40% by the year 2020. When critics alleged that Coca-Cola was harming the society in various ways, it addressed the Issues by opening an exclusive website. It was discovered that Coca Cola India had carries out its CARS actively across 45 bottling plants by spending 70-80 million annually. In 2003, a programmer called ‘Parental' was started, which trained small retailers In India. ‘Jakarta Learning Centre' were munched in 2003, which educated nearly 1800 children near its bottling facilities in Puny.This inspiring company has set up around 2000 schools in Indi a. A ‘Career Development Center' was established at Dash, Gabbed in 2010. It intends to boost the skills of the local youth and augment their abilities so they can avail better employment opportunities. Courses in IT, Service Industry and English speaking are offered by this center. Since then, it has benefited around 209 youngsters, helping them get their first Jobs. Over 500 scholarships have been awarded to over 135,000 dents from 116 Army Schools spread across the country.Coca-Cola India received four awards at the prestigious World CARS Congress In Iambi on 18th February 2013. These were all examples of Coca Cola's efforts In Just India. All around the world, Coca-Cola makes an effort to prevent disasters and help In the aftermath of one, not Just through funding, but also through volunteer work. Emergency relief plans are in place, so that resources can be embroiled quickly. It works together with rehabilitation efforts. The Replenish Africa Initiative (RAIN) strives to increase access o clean water for 2 million people in Africa by 2015.RAIN is backed by a six-year, $30 million dollar commitment by The Coca-Cola Company. A programmer called ‘Let's Move Magic Together' in Serbia was launched, in which more than 15,000 children's books were collected and 11 hospitals have had their common rooms renovated. As a participant in the United Nations Global Compact (UNC), Coca Cola is one of a number of businesses committed to aligning their strategies and operations with ten universally accepted principles in the areas of human rights, labor, environment and anti-corruption.As part of its participation in the CEO Water Mandate, it helped fund and develop Water Action Hub', a website that helps Nags, governments, and communities connect and collaborate on water issues of mutual interest. The company is making efforts to promote sustainable citrus production in Costa Rica by partnering with their supplier, Autocratic, and EARTH University. In the Unit ed States, it has collaborated with multiple partners so as to educate farmers about using water efficiently, thus aiming to improve the water flow and quality in rivers in Utah, Mississippi, Arizona, etc.

Pobby And Dingan POV Essay Example

Pobby And Dingan POV Essay Example Pobby And Dingan POV Paper Pobby And Dingan POV Paper Each Williamson has his or her own struggles living in Lightning Ridge, such as Jellybean, the younger daughter, who has conjured up real yet imaginary friends because she doesnt have any people her age, as well as the father, Rexes, who has note once encountered opal in woo years Of mining, and the son, Ashman, who cant believe that everyone can see Bobby and Dining. All of these characters learn to get past their struggles, all except one. Old Side, the oldest opal miner in Lightning Ridge, is one major character in Rices novel that hasnt really overcome his struggle, and needs some polishing to do so. In my point of view piece, will be looking into Old Side past in his shoes, explaining how he used to be before his wife died as well as explaining why he is so adamant towards believing that Rexes is a ratter. My scene will take place when Judge McNally asked Old Side about his Emily, which will bring in a flashback into Old Kids past with his wife and end up with Old Side explaining why he believes Rexes is a ratter. This will help conclude a very interesting and unfinished dimension of Old Side with dialogue from Old Side during the trial in the view of Ashman being told the story from his mother. The author, Ben Rice has given a very cantankerous personality to the character of Old Side, but with my added point of view, the reader will be much more understanding towards Old Side and will have a more complete answer to Judge Macaulays query. Mr. Carbon MAP English 5; Period 2 18 November 2014 Word Count: 996 P. O. V. Piece: Old Side Mum told me that then Judge McNally did lots of racking his brains, and sometimes he looked a bit pale, but eventually he decided to break up court until it was possible to interview Jellybean (Rice 82). But he only did it after asking Side about his family and his history, for all anyone heard about Side was that he ate frill-necked lizards on toast for breakfast. NO, sir. I havent got any family that is alive Well, I had a wife, a very lovely wife, much time ago. Her name was Poppy. We had known each other our entire lives, living nearby Amigos Castle as young nuns, and when we were still young and didnt care much about the world, we had gotten married and skittered from the small town. We went to Lightning Ridge, where we built our house board by board, nail by nail, day after day. Then, after a week or two of grimy labor, Poppy and I had to ourselves a fine house for two of us, in the small, lonely town of Lightning Ridge, where we were meant to have spent our lives together. Poppy and I later picked up work as a farmer in the nearby fields later that mummer, and had earned more than enough money for both of us and our soon-due child. Poppy then stopped doing labor began gardening as a hobby when I was gone at work. Shed raise flowers and plants like they were her own children, talking to me, laughing with me, and even reading the paper with me. Thought she had lost it, talking to plants for hours a day. At first, didnt say anything, thinking that I would have ruined her fun, for she had no one to talk to in the tiny tow of Lightning Ridge. But after walking home from the fields towards harvesting season, I saw my dear Poppy crying on the porch. Her flowers were dead, bent toward the ground as if saying they were sad to go with the coming of winter. The kids from the next plot, the good for nothing Parkinson, appeared at the fences, shrieking, hurling stones, and calling my delicate Poppy a batty bitchy. Chased them off with my shovel, and brought her shrilling self inside to have some tea. Over the winter, I decided to stay close to Poppy, so I set up a whittle shop with some corrugated iron on the lot to earn some money while farming had ended for the winter. That same winter, Poppy started knitting using yarn room one of my fellow workers. She had knit a blanket for our soon-due gem, as well as my beanie. That winter went by fast, with plenty of people flowing in from England for life in the outback as well as the hunt for opals, started by the rumor that this arid, burning place was once an ocean. The following spring, our baby was due, and with the coming of spring, Poppy had begun gardening again. When we had dug out the weeds and roots of the old plants, she heard a sharp clink. She shoved the hand shovel deep into the hole again, hearing another clink. I was busy whittling away a sis in the shop when I heard her screaming my name at the top of your lungs. Hough she felt the baby kick or something, but what she had discovered was far more exciting. I saw he doing her little dance on the porch, clasping something in one of her fists. As I approached Poppy, she told to close my eyes and hold my hands out. Wondering if we traveled all the way back to our young years, had a foolish grin on doing so. Then, I felt a hard, cold, tube shaped thing. I opened my eyes, and saw the black gem. I held it up towards the direction Of the rising sun, seeing the fluid embers hang into greens and reds and violets in the light. This one rock was going to change our lives for forever. The rest of the spring, whittling became unimportant, and soon began mining for opals all around the house. Every day found at least a handful of good-sized gems, and stored them in Poppys chest, where she kept baby clothes, her favorite books on flowers, as well as the opals. Rumors were going around town that someone had finally found the opals in Lighting Ridge, but I kept my head down and continued mining, until that one day hen Parkinson Senior himself along with his two devil children. I quickly threw the shovel in the hole that I was digging, and pretended to be planting some seeds. Towards the end of the spring, harvest season was approaching, and I left mining to start harvesting again in the fields. Poppy stayed inside these days, only to water her plants, but kept herself busy to our yet to be born child. One day as I came home, found the younger Parkinson rat snooping in one of my mining sites, and as soon as I yelled out, he left behind a dust trail, clenching meeting in his hand that I sure as hell hoped wasnt opal. Who knew what could happen if people knew we were living on top of a sea of opals? I soon regrettably found the answer to that question. On the coming Saturday, I came home from a tiring day of work looking forward to meeting my precious wife, my lifelong love, my one and only friend, to greet me at the porch and brighten up my life with her dazzling smile. Instead, had walked into the darkest, most terrible nightmare. Poppy wasnt outside, so when I went into the house, had called for her. She didnt respond. I walked into to our room to see if she was talking to our soon-due child. Poppy was on the ground, soaked in her own blood. The shovel was smeared in blood, the spade stuck in poppys tummy. I frantically shook poppy, yelling at her to get up, telling her to wake up if she could hear me. After what seemed like hours of agony, trying to get Poppy to wake up and tell this was all a joke, found the opal chest, lying open, blank, the only thing in there the blanket for our now dead child.

Elizabeth Parris, Accuser in the Salem Witch Trials

Elizabeth Parris, Accuser in the Salem Witch Trials Elizabeth Parris (November 28, 1682–March 21, 1760) was one of the major accusers in the Salem Witch Trials of 1692. A young girl at the time, Betty Parris appeared to be afflicted by demons and claimed to have visions of the devil; she accused several local women of witchcraft. Bettys accusation lit the fuse that eventually ended with accusations against 185 people, formal charges made against 156, and the execution by hanging of 19 residents of Salem Village in Massachusetts. Fast Facts: Elizabeth Parris Known For: One of the early accusers in the 1692 Salem witch trialsAlso Known As: Betty ParrisBorn: November 28, 1682 in Boston, MassachusettsParents: Samuel Parris, Elizabeth ParrisDied: March 21, 1760  in Concord, MassachusettsSpouse: Benjamin BaronChildren: Thomas, Elizabeth, Catherine, Susanna Early Life Elizabeth Parris, 9 years old at the beginning of 1692, was the daughter of Rev. Samuel Parris and his wife Elizabeth Eldridge Parris, who was often ill. The younger Elizabeth was often called Betty to distinguish her from her mother. She was born when the family lived in Boston. Her older brother Thomas was born in 1681 and her younger sister Susannah was born in 1687. Also part of the household was 12-year-old Abigail Williams, who was described as a kinswoman and was sometimes called a niece of Rev. Parris, probably a household servant, and two slaves Rev. Parris had brought with him from Barbados- Tituba and John Indian, described as Indians. An African boy slave had died a few years before. Elizabeth Parris Before the Salem Witch Trials Rev. Parris was the minister of Salem Village church, arriving in 1688, and had been embroiled in considerable controversy, coming to a head in late 1691 when a group organized to refuse to pay him a significant part of his salary. He began to preach that Satan was conspiring in Salem Village to destroy the church. Elizabeth Parris and the Salem Witch Trials In mid-January of 1692, both Betty Parris and Abigail Williams began to behave strangely. Their bodies contorted into strange positions, they reacted as if they were being physically hurt, and they made strange noises. Anns parents were leading members of the Salem Village church, supporters of Rev. Parris in the ongoing church conflict. Rev. Parris tried prayer and traditional remedies; when those didnt end the fits, he called in a doctor (probably a neighbor, Dr. William Griggs) on or about February 24 and a neighboring towns minister, Rev. John Hale, to get their opinions on the cause of the fits. The men agreed that the girls were victims of witches. Mary Sibley, a neighbor and member of Rev. Parris flock, advised John Indian the following day- perhaps with the help of his wife, another Caribbean slave of the Parris family- to make a witchs cake to discover the names of the witches. Instead of relieving the girls, however, their torments increased. Friends and neighbors of Betty Parris and Abigail Williams, including Ann Putnam Jr. and Elizabeth Hubbard, began having similar fits, described as afflictions in contemporary records. Pressured to name their tormenters, Betty and Abigail named the Parris family slave Tituba on February 26. Several neighbors and ministers, likely including Rev. John Hale of Beverley and Rev. Nicholas Noyes of Salem, were asked to observe the girls behavior. They questioned Tituba. The next day, Ann Putnam Jr. and Elizabeth Hubbard experienced torments and blamed Sarah Good, a local homeless mother and beggar, and Sarah Osborne, who was involved with conflicts around inheriting property and who also had married an indentured servant (a local scandal). None of the three accused witches were likely to have many local defenders. On February 29, based on accusations of Betty Parris and Abigail Williams, arrest warrants were issued in Salem for the first three accused witches- Tituba, Sarah Good, and Sarah Osborne- based on the complaints of Thomas Putnam, Ann Putnam Jr.s father, and several others before local magistrates Jonathan Corwin and John Hathorne. They were to be taken for questioning the next day to Nathaniel Ingersolls tavern. The next day, Tituba, Sarah Osborne, and Sarah Good were examined by local magistrates John Hathorne and Jonathan Corwin. Ezekiel Cheever was appointed to take notes on the proceedings. Hannah Ingersoll, whose husbands tavern was the site of the examination, found that the three had no witch marks on them. Sarah Goods husband William later testified that there was a mole on his wifes back. Tituba confessed and named the other two as witches, adding rich details to her stories of possession, spectral travel, and meeting with the devil. Sarah Osborne protested her own innocence; Sarah Good said Tituba and Osborne were witches but that she was herself innocent. Sarah Good was sent to nearby Ipswich, Massachusetts to be confined with her youngest child, born the year before, with a local constable who was also a relative. She escaped briefly and returned voluntarily; this absence seemed especially suspicious when Elizabeth Hubbard reported that Sarah Goods specter had visited her and tormented her that evening. Sarah Good was held at the Ipswich jail on March 2, and Sarah Osborn and Tituba were questioned further. Tituba added more details to her confession, and Sarah Osborne maintained her innocence. Questioning continued for another day. At this point, Mary Warren, a servant in the home of Elizabeth Proctor and John Proctor, began having fits as well. The accusations soon widened: Ann Putnam Jr. accused Martha Corey and Abigail Williams accused Rebecca Nurse. Corey and Nurse were known as respectable church members. On March 25, Elizabeth had a vision of being visited by the great Black Man (the devil) who wanted her to be ruled by him. Her family was worried about her continuing afflictions and the dangers of diabolical molestation (in the later words of Rev. John Hale). Betty Parris was sent to live with the family of Stephen Sewall, a relative of Rev. Parris, and her afflictions ceased. So did her involvement in the witchcraft accusations and trials. Elizabeth Parris After the Trials Bettys mother Elizabeth died  on July 14, 1696. In 1710, Betty Parris married Benjamin Baron, a yeoman, trader, and shoemaker, and lived quietly in Sudbury, Massachusetts. The couple had five children, and she lived to the age of 77. Legacy Arthur Millers play The Crucible is a political allegory based on the Salem Witch Trials. The play won a Tony award and is still one of the most often-read and produced plays of the century. One of the main characters is based loosely on the historical Betty Parris; in Arthur Millers play, Bettys mother is dead and she has no brothers or sisters. Sources Brooks, Rebecca. â€Å"Betty Parris: First Afflicted Girl of the Salem Witch Trials.†Ã‚  History of Massachusetts.Gragg, Larry.  A Quest for Security: The Life of Samuel Parris 1653-1720. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1990.Salem Witch Trials Notable Persons.

Securing our Borders Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Securing our Borders - Thesis Example borders with Mexico and Canada. Several sources indicated the need for greater border security through a wide range of technological, legislative, and military interventions (Meyers, 2003; Military Technology, 2010), as well as global agreements (Taylor, 2005). Despite the need of securing the borders, however, there are also calls for the consideration of ethical and human rights dimensions of border security (Arreolo, 2010). The U.S. government is also pressed to consider the rights of poor workers and people searching for an asylum to migrate to the U.S., where they can find shelter, freedom, and livelihood. In addition, some sources argued for the importance of understanding cultural geography, when finding and evaluating solutions to border issues (Arreolo, 2010). The borders are not seen as boundaries by illegal immigrants, but as opportunities for a new and better life (Hemphill, 2009; Huemer, 2010). This paper will explore the literature on the U.S. borders and border securit y. The research questions are: What are some of the strategies that the U.S. government should pursue to enhance border security? Should the government ensure that these interventions are humane and ethical? This paper will discuss existing border patrol strategies. It will also discuss recommended strategies that aim to enhance border security. ... Finally, it examines the ethical implications of border security measures and the need for international efforts for managing borders. The Honey of Illegal and Legal Immigrant Bees One of the primary goals of border security is to control immigration, particularly illegal immigration (Marek, 2007). The U.S. continues to symbolize the land of milk and honey for many people around the world, especially those from the Third World. An estimated 500 million people cross the U.S. borders every year, and this consists of people seeking for employment or business opportunities and refugees, as well as unfavorable border crossers, such as criminals and terrorists (Antal, 2010, p.54). The U.S. prides itself as a democratic front for human rights that include the rights to travel and immigrate to other countries. The U.S., despite immigration controls, accepts more legal immigrants as permanent residents than all other countries combined (Antal, 2010, p.54). In 2008, more than a million immigra nts became natural U.S. citizens (Antal, 2010, p.54). In 2009, the U.S. granted legal immigrant status to 1.1 million immigrants (Antal, 2010, p.54). The U.S. however, also controls the number of legal immigrants, which push some people to resort to illegal immigration methods. Illegal immigration remains as significant concern, since the U.S. cannot realistically put enough people to monitor wide borders. The U.S.-Canada border extends 5,525 miles; while the border with Mexico covers 1,989 miles long (Antal, 2010, p.54). Furthermore, the U.S. also envelops more than 95,000 miles of shoreline, thousands of airports, and 360 naval ports of entry (Antal, 2010, p.54). It is projected that almost 22,000 containers cross these naval

Article Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Article Analysis - Essay Example According to this method of costing, there are only two parameters needed : the cost of time per unit of supplying resource capacity and the unit times of consumption of resource capacity by products, services, and customers. The author argues that this approach is better since it can be applied even to complex transactions in a large company since more precise cost-driver rates can be determined due to unit times. Therefore, estimating the resource cost per unit for different variables such as cost per cubic meter or cost per megabyte can be ascertained. In addition to this, the article presents the advantage of the new method over the traditional ABC by assuming that employees or machines do not always operate in full capacity thereby presenting a more realistic computation of costs. Because of this, the manager can make important decisions on maximizing the unused or unfulfilled capacity which may mean putting off capitalization to a later time until everything is fully efficient or productive. Another important argument that this article presents is that Time Driven Activity Based Costing can be updated. This enables the management to review the costs according to existing conditions. Kaplan, R. Anderson S. ( 2005 ) Rethinking Activity Based Costing,excerpt from "Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing," Harvard Business Review, Vol. 82, No. 11, November 2004.Retrieved from http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/4587.html on May 10,

Conduct a SWOT Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Conduct a SWOT Analysis - Assignment Example The company has already positioned itself in the market as the best producer of personal computers. It has absolute control over the manufacturing of its products and its operating system. Apple Company is self-reliant and manages its own computer components internally. In addition, the company works under high quality standards in order to meet the demands of the customers (Barney, 1991). Together with that, it is devoted to research and development for developing new products, which makes its products more effective and practicable to use. Based on the company’s dedication to quality, most of the Apples products are simple to use, and has managed to maintain loyal customers who buy the products based on the quality and not the price. The company prides itself from the various brands in the computer business, which yields a good net income. From the financial reports, it is apparent that it leads with the highest stock price in the market. Apple Company rarely suffers from financial deficits, since most of its finances come from its equity. Most investors desire to invest in Apple Company based on its transparency, accountability and does not operate on amounts outstanding. The customer service is vast and highly esteemed by customers. It is the vision of Apple Company to maintain its status quo as long as it remains competent in the market (Barney, 1991). Emerging technology in terms of goods produced, especially, the electronic goods are a factor that challenges Apple Company since it has to ascertain that the goods and services offered are consistent with the technology. For example, Apple Company encountered many difficulties after producing the iPod. The gadget had numerous glitches and technological faults. Fortunately, Apple Company managed to deal with these faults. The organization faces stiff competition from other companies producing similar products, and

British Muslims: Mental Health Stigma and Counselling

British Muslims: Mental Health Stigma and Counselling Explore mental health stigma and perception of counselling amongst British Muslims. Introduction: Mental health stigma is an ongoing issue that needs to be addressed especially amongst minority groups. Statistics show that one in four people will experience a mental health problem in the course of a year (mental health foundation 2015). The government has initiated to tackle mental health stigma that prevents people from accessing psychological services (Burstow 2011).Over the past decade the Muslim community has been portrayed negatively especially through the media, and this has had a profound affect on Muslims mental health. The purpose of this research is to explore mental health stigma and perception of counselling amongst Muslims in the UK, My interest in this research emerged from my own personal experience of living in a Muslim family where mental health is seen as an alien concept and counselling is seen waste of time. After experiencing a close family member suffering from depression and when given the choice of counselling chose to decline this, as they would rather ta ke medication then be labelled as crazy. A growing population of 2.7 million Muslims in the UK (Census 2011) I feel that it is imperative to explore what types of mental health stigma exists in the Muslim community and their views on counselling in order to address them. Search strategy To search for articles I used SOLAR, selecting databases, which included Academic Search Premier, CINAHL and MEDLINE (Ovid). I did this so that the article that filtered through were relating to counselling, psychology, psychotherapy and mental health. The key terms that I used firstly was counselling, and this was grouped into four subgroups using the OR which contained counseling, OR psychotherapy, OR therapy, OR psychological services. This brought up a result of 874.207, which was a very large result, but I felt this was needed to be done as counselling maybe worded different in research articles. I used key terms such as mental health, stigma, Muslims and perception all with sub groups (see appendix 1) Finally, I joined all the key terms and sub groups together using AND which brought the number of articles generated down to 604. I mixed some of the sub groups together to find variety of results because when I added all 6 categories together my results became very limited so therefore to broadened my research I took out two categories and I felt this gave me access to variety of research articles. Limitations also included all my articles needed to be peer reviewed, this was to ensure standard and quality of the articles were examined by other people in the same field to ensure the publication has a meets certain level of excellence. I also limited the publication dates from 2005 up to 2014 to generate current articles I found that lots of articles that had very close link to my question had to be excluded due to the publication date being before 2005. This process finally reduced the articles to 91 from which four articles were selected (see appendix two). I found some articles th at related directly to my question but were mostly conducted outside the UK so only one article was selected because it felt necessary to look at research done in the UK considering my title involved British Muslims. The article selected from the USA was chosen because there did not seem to be any research conducted in the UK therefore was a gap to explore. In relation to my question I felt my 5th article Rethink (2007), Our voice : The Pakistani communities view on mental health and mental services in Birmingham, was very relevant to utilize in my review as it provided an insight to what I was searching for. However the only down side to finding this articles was that it was not found using the above research strategy, as I read a mention of this study through another article and I could not find it on EBSCO, therefore I used Google to find it. Summery The articles will be judged the on the methodology used to conduct the research and focus on the findings relating to perception of counselling and mental health stigma. A study conducted by Weatherhead and Daiches (2010) looked at Muslims view on mental health and psychotherapy. The aim of the research was to look at the Muslim populations perception of mental health and their understanding of how mental distress experienced by an individual can be addressed. This was a qualitative study where 14 Muslim participants were interviewed using semi structured interviews and data was analysed thematically. Lancaster Institute of Health Research ethics committee ethically approved this study. There were seven women and seven male aged between 28-77 who were recruited through local Muslim organisations and electronic mailing. One of the main benefits of this study was that it provided a good insight to Muslims understanding on mental health by using open questions allowing the participants to express their views on mental health in-depth. The finding that related to my question was that there was a fear of stereotyping, feeling stigmatised, embarrassed and ashamed, they found that mental distress was a punishment from god, cause of witchcraft/jinn and drug taking. Participants there was no need for a therapist as you could talk to your family or friends. Mental illness was seen as a test from Allah and it was managed through praying to god and if you had a strong faith then therapy was not needed. For a question, looking at Muslim populations views the sample was very small even though it provided rich data it was limited as it was not enough to represent Muslim populations view. The sample also included two students and two staff members and a couple who were interviewed together, this makes the sample less representative and biased. Data check would have been useful as both researchers were non- Muslims therefore this may have had an affect on how they interpreted the Reponses and by data checking they could have validated their findings. The researchers recommendation for further research was a very useful, as by exploring the views of Muslims who have accessed mental health services would have gave the study a bigger picture, as the focus on therapeutic help was neglected in the study as only three participants had a view on this. Another similar study conducted by Rethink (2007) Our Voice: the Pakistani communitys view on mental health and mental health services in Birmingham commissioned by UCLAN (University of Central Lancashire) and CSIP (Care Services Improvement Partnership). This aim was to investigate the view of the Pakistani communities on mental health issues and how they would want support in regards to their mental health needs. This study was a qualitative study conducted by 11 community researchers who conducted focus groups and interviews with a very large sample of 152 service users, this study utilized quantitative approach by distributing 30 postal surveys to mental health service providers in Birmingham and receiving seven responses. Rethinks research department and UCLAN ethically approved the study. This study found similar findings to Weatherhead and Daiches (2010) they found that 83% wanted to keep any mental health illnesses a secret, and 76% were ashamed of it, 58% fear of stigma. They also found religious beliefs affected their perception on mental health as they felt it was caused by jinns, voices from god and found that culture and language barriers can get in the way people from accessing mental health services. One of the benefits to this study compared to above is that this study was conduced in different languages so therefore this was accessible to people who could not participate because of language barrier. Another benefit of this study compared to the Weatherhead and Daiches (2010) study was the sample size as they had a larger sample 152 compared to 14 participants in Weatherhead Daiches (2010) study. However, Rethink (2007) even with a big sample it could be argued that it was a limited study which only focused on Pakistani Muslims in Birmingham whereas Weatherhead and Daiches (2010) study had a small sample of participants but from different nationalities . However, both studies failed to consider demographic area such as different ethnicities and different locations that could have provided a more in-depth representation of British Muslims perception. The one of the recommendations from the study that stood out and was missed in the first study was the suggestion of working closely with religious leaders such as imams, it felt in both studies religious influence was a huge factor yet both studies failed to get the perception of imams on mental health. It was also relevant to my research as this project highlighted the mental health stigma issues that are current in the Pakistani Muslim community in Britain however, I felt that no emphasis was given on perception of counselling and I feel this was a gap in the research. Another similar study to Rethink (2007) was a study conducted by Shoaib and Peel (2006) which looks at Kashmiri womens perception of their emotional and psychological needs, and access to counselling. This like Rethink (2007) study used both qualitative and quantitative method to analyse data, the sample was of 45 Kashmiri women aged between 18- 45 living in Oldham, from whom 19 were born in the UK. A questionnaire was administrated and data was collected in an interview by a researcher that was also Kashmiri and spoke the same language as the participants, this was one of the strength of the study as this eliminated language barriers. This study explored six areas in 21 questions: understanding of mental illness, issues that cause distress, coping mechanism, awareness of support, expression and description of feeling (Shoaib and Peel, (2006). The reason this article was selected because the 6th area looked at perceptions and understanding of counselling that was relevant to my quest ion. The findings were very similar to the above studies, the study found that women feared of shame (izzat) affecting their family and being stigmatised. It was found that talking to a specialist was an option but fears of confidentiality breaking, lack of cultural awareness from the professional and that it will not improve the situation was a barrier therefore they referred to their faith for healing. This study like the other two provided a good insight to views of mental health stigma but also provided a glimpse into the perceptions of counselling which the other two studies failed to do. There are few limitations, the potential source of bias would be the use of the snowball method in recruiting 35 participants, who were recommended through previous interviewees, and therefore there is a possibility that subjects shared the same traits and character. Another limitation is the research may be flawed by the inexperience of the researcher who at the time of the research worked as a welfare officer. Changes need to be made to the recruitment process in order to get a more representative sample. Two others studies which explored factors influencing attitudes towards seeking help within the mental health services where reviewed. The first study I looked at was by Soorkia et al (2011) which explored Factors influencing attitudes towards seeking professional psychological help among South Asian students in Britain. This study looked at the link attitudes towards psychological help seeking, following cultural values, salience of ethnic identity and cultural mistrust (Soorkia et al, 2011) .this study was relevant because it looked at attitudes towards seeking help and this relates to my question of perception of counseling and mental health stigma. A quantitative approach utilized where 148 participants completed a survey of which 81 were women and 67 men all participants were British. The sample covered Pakistani, Indian, Bangladeshi and 30% were other. Participants were recruited though public spaces directly and sign up sheets were posted in campuses in different locations. Qu estionnaires where given out on paper and participants returned the questionnaire in a sealed envelope to researcher (Soorkia et al, 2011). Priory power analysis, SPSS and ANOVAs was used for statistical analysis, as these were the most affective to see the difference between gender, ethnicity and also to compare similarities (Soorkia et al, 2011). It was found that the ethnic minorities had a negative attitude towards seeking psychological health, and factors such as cultural values and mistrust as this was related to stigma and shame associated mental illnesses. it found that people that were mistrustful of whites held a greater negative attitudes to help seeking. Asian values played a significant part in peoples attitudes towards seeking professional psychological help (ATSPPH), (Soorkia et al, 2011). The more significant the values were the more it played a negative part in ATSPPH. The study also found that women were more open to getting help than men and this maybe due masculinity being dominant there negatively affecting the way men see health related issues. It seems that this could be explored in more depth to see what the underlying issues are that prevent men in seeking help compared to women. However the limitation to the comparison between genders was that this could not be representative as there was not an equal number between both genders. Sample size was small therefore, it did not represent south Asian students across the country. It feels that even though participants religion was noted that the study failed to explore if religion played a part in help seeking. It seemed like the study could have looked at what the cultural factors were or the Asian values in order to understand the barriers to combat. It seems like this study was s stepping stone to see what the factors where but a qualitative approach will give this study more depth. The second study I looked at was very similar to the first study and it was by Hamid, Furnham (2013) which looked Factors affecting attitude towards seeking professional help for mental illness: a UK Arab perspective. This research like the above was also quantitative where online questionnaires were used; the sample size was 204 participants from which 104 were British Caucasians and 100 Arab. This study looked at various factors affecting attitudes towards seeking professional psychological help (ATSPPH). Some of the hypothesis was that Arabs compared to Caucasians will be less positive to ATSPPH and arabs sample will have higher score in supernatural causes, shame focused attitudes will be significant predictors of ATSPPH , females more positive than males in ATSPPH and Muslims will have less positive than other religion (Hamid, , Furnham 2013). To analyze the data a discriminative analysis was utilized with ethnicity being the dependant variable between British Caucasian and Arabs, using discriminative analysis was a benefit as it reduced mistake rates (Falkenberg, 2005). To examine differences between British Caucasians and Arabs same as the previous study ANOVA was used( Hamid, , Furnham 2013). The study found that Arabs were less positive to ATSPPH than British Caucasian as the study predict ed , it was also found that age, level of education and experience of metal played a positive role to ATSPPH (Hamid, Furnham 2013) . It also found that Arabs had strongest supernatural casual beliefs about mental illness than British Caucasians. Unlike the above study this research found that gender was not a significant predictor, however it was similar to the other study in the sense that there was also not an equal number of males and females as in this study 69% were females. Shame was not seen as a significant predictor to ATSPPH that is opposite to the finding in the above studies. This maybe connected to the fact that Arab participants had migrated to uk and therefore far from family so they did not have to protect their honour or family (Hamid, Furnham 2013). One of the limitations to this study was that the questionnaire was done in English and therefore only targeted an audie nce where participants had some form of education, therefore it does not represent the Arab community who do not speak or understand English making it bias and limiting its response rate. I then looked at a quantitative study by Pilkington et al (2010) which explore factors affecting intention to access psychological services amongst British Muslims of south Asian origin. Second study by Ali et al (2005) looking at the Imams role in meeting the counselling needs of Muslim communities in the United States. Both studies used self-report questionnaires. The study by Pilkington et al (2010) Hypothesised that the level of shame/izzat related with mental health would predict the intention to access psychological services, the barrier was already identified compared to the above studies. This study was relevant because it looked at British Muslims, which relates to my area of proposed research and explored mental health and barriers that related to stigma. The Identified factors that may affect intention to access psychological services were; religious beliefs, biological /social environment beliefs about mental health problems, the causes and shame/izzat. Another large sample of 94 participants recruited through seven Islamic communities centres. A self-report questionnaire was developed using measures that were already tested making this a strength as it was easy to correlate the findings and therefore strong statistic were produced. Psychological openness and help seeking prosperity was measured using Inventory of attitudes towards s eeking mental health services (IASMHS: Mackenzie et al 2004). Shame/izzat on intention influencing the access of psychological services was measured using the Attitudes Toward Mental Health Scale (ATMHP; Gilbert et al 2007). The study found that the higher level of shame/izzat experienced the less likely psychological service was accessed. The study like the other studies above found views were influenced by religious beliefs, mental illness was a punishment from god, shame to the individual and the family and less knowledge about mental illness because of lack of education(Pilkington et al, 2010). The limitation to this study was that there might have been a bias to the recruitment process, as the questionnaires designed was for people of higher education level therefore resulting in a low response (Pilkington et al 2010). Another limitation was that participants were recruited through Islamic communitys centres, therefore they may have been more religiously inclined then others who are Muslims but not as religious, this limits the experiences and results. I feel this was gap to where the level of religious commitment could have been measured to get effective results. I then looked at two studies that focused on the role of imams in regards to mental health. The first study by Ali et al (2005) explores what the role of imams and Islamic clergy is in meeting counselling needs, the reason I chose this was because I found that all the studies that I have reviewed failed to consider the views of Islamic clergy on mental health and counselling and how they support the Muslim community. A questionnaire was mailed to 730 mosques around USA however; the response rate was low as only 8% responses received. Data was analysis measured by Likert scale, demographic areas were considered such as ethinicty, age and region, and consent was gained. This study found that imams played a key role in supporting the Muslim community with mental health issues relating to stress, discrimination, anxiety and financial problems. It also found that imam has had little or none training in counselling to help people who came to them for mental health problems. The limitation to this study like the above study is that the questionnaire was in English and not all participants or imams are literate in English, therefore weakening the study. I found the recommendation from the researchers is valid that a further research is needed to explore the role of imams in assisting with mental health issues. The second study by Abu-Ras et al (2008) explored The Imams Role in Mental Health Promotion: A Study at 22 Mosques in New York Citys Muslim Community. the reason this study was chosen because this provided an insight to not only the imams role but also what the worshippers attitude towards mental health services before 9/11 and after 9/11 (Abu-Ras et al 2008). A survey of 22 imams and 102 worshippers from 22 mosques in New York city was conducted, researchers chose a face-to-face interview method with mostly close ended questions. The questionnaire for the imams explored what type of issues worshippers came with for guidance, and what method were used to assist worshippers resolve their issues. The questionnaires for worshipers looked at the role of the imam perceived by worshippers, types of counselling sought at mosque, if the imam was effectively addressing their issues. It also asked the affects of 9/11 to their personal lives and finally worshippers perception on attitudes towards western psychology, mental health and if they have any experience with the mental care system (Abu-Ras et al, 2008). For analysis, Univariate and bivariate analyses were used for descriptive statistics for both imams and worshippers. The t test and chi-square tests were applied to discover any large differences between gender, age, time in education, income, immigration status, marital status, and language skills (Abu-Ras et al, 2008). The study found that imams are usually the primary and sometimes the only contact for help with mental health issues. It was also found that the imams were foreign born and English was not their first language and they struggled with their English and No training was provided and they had little knowledge on mental health issues, which then prevented them from referring worshippers to mental health services (Abu-Ras et al, 2008). This was very similar to the finding of the above study were the imams had the same issues of language barrier and little or no knowledge on mental health. The study also found that 9/11 had a negative affect on worshippers lives this included their self as well their families. It also found that 84% of worshippers believed that people with mental illness were possessed by the devil and 95% believed that this was test from their faith (Abu-Ras et al, 2008). The limitation to this study was that data was only limited to New York so it did not represent other Muslims in the USA, same as the above study the questionnaire was conducted in English, and imams had difficulty with English so it brings up the issues of reliability . The benefit of this study was that it found that imams do play a vital role within the Muslim community in New York especially when it came to personal and mental health issues and that they were also welcomed support and training in regards to mental health. The researchers recommendation was very prompt that the mental health services need to do more to integrate within the Muslim community especially by providing support and training to imams because this research has shown that imams play a huge role in providing support. Conclusion It was found from the literature review that mental health stigma is very much alive in the Muslim community, in the form of misconceptions around the causes of mental illness, fear of being labelled and stigmatised, religious and cultural views influencing views on mental health e.g. punishment from god for committing a sin. The majority of the Muslim community would rather keep mental illness quite because of the fear shame, some seen mental illness caused by drug abuse or caused by witchcraft. In relation to my proposed question I found that there were number of gaps that were found that I could use in my research firstly their was a common theme of religion being a major factor in influencing views on mental health. However not one paper focused on measuring religiosity and its impacts on individuals perception, they focused more on ethnic backgrounds such as south Asian origins which is not religion. Findings showed Muslim community turned to religious leaders for support, yet no papers in the UK explored the role of Islamic clergy on mental health and their views on counselling. I feel this could provide a clear picture around what support is available and how much experience the imams have in supporting the Muslim community. I found that Papers do not specifically address the issue of counselling, I felt that this could have been explored in more depth also one of the recommendations was to look at participants that have accessed counselling and explore their perception on stigma and therapy which I found useful for my research. I feel that for the question I have proposed qualitative methodology would be more appropriate as it provides rich data and allows participants to expand on their responses. I also found that demographic factors need to be taken into consideration, such as age, gender and location, and to look at factor such as sample size and recruitment process. Word count: 2745 References Ali, O. M., Milstein, G., Marzuk, P. (2005). The Imams role in meeting the counselling needs of Muslim communities in the United States. Psychiatric Services, (2), 202-205. Burstow, P. (2011). Â £20 million to knock down mental health stigma, retrived from https://www.gov.uk/government/news/20-million-to-knock-down-mental-health-stigma Census, (2011) retrieved 19 January, 2015, from: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-religion.html Mental health foundation, (2015), retrieved 19 january, 2015, from http://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/help-information/mental-health-statistics/ Pilkington, A.,Msetfi,R,.M,.Watson,R. (2012). Factors affecting intention to access psychological services amongst British Muslims of South Asian origin. Mental Health, Religion Culture, (1), 1-22. doi: 10.1080/13674676.2010.545947 Rethink (2007), Our voice: The Pakistani communitys view of mental health and mental health services in Birmingham. London: Islamic Human Rights Commission. ) Retrieved 29 December, 2014 from: http://www.rethink.org/media/853081/our%20voice.pdf Shoaib, K.,Peel, J. (2003). Kashmiri womens perceptions of their emotional and psychological needs, and access to counselling. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, (2), 87-94. DOI: 10.1080/14733140312331384442 Weatherhead, S., Daiches, A. (2010). Muslim views on mental health and psychotherapy. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, (1), 75-89. http://people.eku.edu/falkenbergs/psy862/notes%20on%20discriminant%20analysis.html 2005 Steve Falkenberg Abu-Ras, Wahiba, Gheith, Ali and Cournos, Francine(2008)The Imams Role in Mental Health Promotion: A Study at 22 Mosques in New York Citys Muslim Community,Journal of Muslim Mental Health,3:2,155 176 Appendix 1 The next key term was mental health using two sub group using OR was Mental illness and mental health services, this generated 525,281 results. Another key term was stigma and the sub groups using OR was attitudes, stereotypes, prejudices and shame. The next key term I felt was important to my research was Muslims I tried this on its own but then realised that there can be other terms used in researches referring to Muslims and I used three sub groups which were Islam, ethnic minority, south Asian and this generated 89,716 results. Another key term was perception and I used three key terms view, understanding and intention and this generated 2,456,725 results which was huge but I felt that this was necessary as this bought my question together. my last key term that I used was Britain and I used two sub groups British and UK, this was to focus on the researched done on the British population as I felt it related to my question more. Appendix 2 Examples of articles found